Can a Male Use Female Urine for a Drug Test

Drug test methodologies for the employ of cannabis in medicine, sport, and law

Cannabis drug testing describes various drug test methodologies for the use of cannabis in medicine, sport, and law. Cannabis use is highly detectable and tin can be detected past urinalysis, pilus analysis, likewise every bit saliva tests for days or weeks.

Dissimilar alcohol, for which impairment can be reasonably measured using a breathalyser (and confirmed with a blood booze content measurement), valid detection for cannabis is fourth dimension-consuming, and tests cannot determine an approximate caste of impairment. The lack of suitable tests and agreed-upon intoxication levels is an upshot in the legality of cannabis, especially regarding intoxicated driving.

The concentrations obtained from such analyses can oftentimes be helpful in distinguishing agile utilize from passive exposure, elapsed time since use, and extent or duration of use.

The Duquenois-Levine test is commonly used as a screening test in the field, but information technology cannot definitively ostend the presence of cannabis, equally a large range of substances take been shown to give imitation positives.

Biological timeline [edit]

Well-nigh cannabinoids are lipophilic (fatty soluble) compounds that easily store in fatty, thus yielding a long elimination half-life relative to other recreational drugs. Metabolites of cannabis are usually detectable in urine drug tests from three days up to 10 days according to Redwood Laboratories; heavy users can produce positive tests for 30 days or longer afterwards ceasing cannabis use.^{[one] [2]} The length of time may vary to some degree according to metabolism, quantity, and frequency of utilise.^{[ citation needed ]}

Testing methods [edit]

Urine testing [edit]

Marijuana use tin can be detected up to 3–5 days later exposure for infrequent users, i–15 days for heavy users, and 1–xxx days for chronic users and/or users with high body fat.^{[3] [4]}

Under the typical 50 ng/mL cutoff used for cannabis testing in the United States, an occasional or on-off user would be very unlikely to exam positive beyond 3–four days since the last utilize, and a chronic user would be unlikely to test positive much beyond 7 days.^{[ commendation needed ]} Using a more sensitive cutoff of twenty ng/mL (less common only still used by some labs), the nigh likely maximum times are 7 days and 21 days, respectively. In extraordinary circumstances of extended marijuana employ, detection times of more xxx days are possible in some individuals at the 20 ng/mL cutoff.^[5]

However, every private is different, and detection times tin vary due to metabolism or other factors. It likewise depends on whether tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or its metabolites are being tested for, the latter having a much longer detection time than the former. THC, the master psychoactive component of cannabis, may just be detectable in saliva and oral fluid for 2–24 hours in most cases.^{[ citation needed ]}

The principal metabolite excreted in the urine is 11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC, also known as THC-COOH. Most cannabis drug tests yield a positive issue when the concentration of THC-COOH in urine exceeds 50 ng/mL.^{[half dozen]} Urine testing is an immunoassay based test on the principle of competitive binding. Drugs which may be present in the urine specimen compete against their respective drug cohabit for binding sites on their specific antibody. During testing, a urine specimen migrates upwards by capillary activity. A drug, if present in the urine specimen below its cut-off concentration, volition not saturate the binding sites of its specific antibody. The antibody volition then react with the drug-protein conjugate and a visible colored line volition evidence up in the test line region of the specific drug strip.^{[ citation needed ]}

Cannabis employ is included in the "10-panel urine screen", as well equally the "SAMHSA-5", the v drugs tested for in standard NIDA approved drug tests.

False positives have been known to be triggered by consuming hemp-seed bars, low THC cannabis and CBD supplements, although the more detailed, more than expensive gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GCMS) examination can tell the deviation.^[7]

In 2011, researchers at John Jay College of Criminal Justice reported that dietary zinc supplements can mask the presence of THC and other drugs in urine. Similar claims take been fabricated in web forums on that topic.^[8] Nonetheless, a 2013 study conducted past researchers at the Academy of Utah School of Medicine refute the possibility of cocky-administered zinc producing false-negative urine drug tests.^[9]

Common known pharmaceutical drugs which cause false positives in instant THC dip tests include:

• Proton pump inhibitors.^[10]

Duquenois–Levine reagent [edit]

The Duquenois–Levine test is a uncomplicated chemical color reaction examination initially adult in the 1930s by Pierre Duquénois.

To administer the test, a police officer simply has to break a seal on a tiny micropipette of chemicals, and insert a particle of the suspected substance; if the chemicals plow royal, this indicates the possibility of marijuana. But the color variations tin can be subtle, and readings tin can vary by examiner.

It was adopted in the 1950s by the United nations every bit the preferred test for cannabis.

• 

  Step i – addition of Duquenois reagent to dried petroleum ether extract

• 

  Step ii – addition of hydrochloric acid

• 

  Footstep iii – addition of chloroform

Azo dyes (Fast Blue B/BB) [edit]

The United Nations Role on Drugs and Criminal offense (UNODC) found the azo dyes Fast Blue B (iii,3'-dimethoxybiphenyl-4,4'-bisdiazonium chloride^[11]) and Fast Blue BB (4-benzoylamino-2,5-diethoxybenzenediazonium chloride^[12]) superior to Duquenois–Levine, and are currently the most recommended reagents used for cannabinoid testing. The dyes, as water-soluble salts, are typically applied during thin layer chromatography. They are extremely sensitive to a diverseness of cannabinoids, and very specific in reaction. Fast Blue BB is slightly slower than Fast Blue B, but the resulting colors are more bright and intense. Due to concerns about Fast Blue B being carcinogenic Fast Blue BB is frequently used instead,^[13] although it too is a suspected carcinogen.^{[14] [xv]} Other Azo dyes which are suitable for cannabinoid detection, albeit inferior to Fast Blue B/BB, include Corinth V, Blue LGC, Garnet GC (GR), Cherry-red AV, Garnet GBO, Bordeaux GP, and Red P.^[15]

Beam's CBD Examination [edit]

In 1911, Dr. W. Beam discovered that the tissue of hemp, which is typically low in THC simply high in CBD, gives a purple colour when treated with bases.^[16] The exam is relatively unproblematic and cheap, and typically involves placing the test sample in a solution of v% potassium hydroxide and 95% ethanol.^[17] After approximately ten minutes, samples with CBD exhibit a violet/purple/pink color. The exam is specific to CBD and does not react to THC.

Hair testing [edit]

Cannabis use is detectable with pilus tests and is generally included in the standard hair test. Hair tests generally take the virtually contempo 1.5 inches of growth and use those for testing. That provides a detection period of approximately 90 days.^[3] If an individual'southward pilus is shorter than 1.5 inches, this detection flow will be shorter. The detection window for body hair cannabis testing will be longer, because body hair grows slower than head hair and distorts the detection timeframe. Pilus drug testing measures the marijuana parent metabolite embedded inside the hairshaft and eliminates external contamination as a source of a positive result. The detection window of hair drug testing for cannabis tin be as low equally i pg/mg.^[18]

Saliva testing [edit]

Cannabis is detectable by saliva testing. Just like blood testing, saliva testing detects the presence of parent drugs and not their inactive metabolites. This results in a shorter window of detection for cannabis past saliva testing.^[nineteen] Delta nine THC is the parent compound. If a saliva sample is tested in a lab, the detection level can be as low as 0.5 ng/mL (up to 72 hours subsequently intake).^[20] Per National Institute on Drug Abuse saliva drug testing provides a reasonable alternative to other drug testing methods.^[21]

Blood testing [edit]

Cannabis is detectable in the blood for approximately 12–24 hours, with heavy/frequent utilise detectable in the blood for up to 7 days (depending on your claret renewal system).^{[ citation needed ]} Because they are invasive and hard to administer, blood tests are used less oft.^{[ citation needed ]} They are typically used in investigations of accidents, injuries and DUIs.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Urine contains predominantly THC-COOH, while hair, oral fluid, and sweat contain primarily THC. Blood may contain both substances, with the relative amounts dependent on the recency and extent of usage.^{[22] [23] [24]}

Neurological testing [edit]

Though very unlikely to be used, and more than unlikely in court, Electroencephalography (EEG) shows somewhat more than persistent alpha waves of slightly lower frequency than usual.^[25] Cannabinoids produce a "marked low of motor activity" via activation of neuronal cannabinoid receptors belonging to the CB1 subtype.^[26]

References [edit]

1. ^ Choices, N. H. S. (2016-12-12). "How long does cannabis stay in the trunk after smoking? - Wellness questions - NHS Choices". Retrieved 2017-01-09 .
2. ^ "Marijuana | Drug Info | Resources | Redwood Toxicology Laboratory". world wide web.redwoodtoxicology.com . Retrieved 2017-01-09 .
3. ^ ^{a b} Erowid Cannabis (Marijuana) Vault: Drug Testing. Erowid.org (2010-02-28). Retrieved on August 7, 2011.
4. ^ Marijuana Detection Time Shorter Than Previously Assumed. norml.org (2006-02-23). Retrieved on March thirteen, 2012.
5. ^ Cary, Paul L. (April 2006). "The Marijuana Detection Window: Determining The Length Of Time Cannabinoids Will Remain Detectable In Urine Following Smoking A Critical Review Of Relevant Enquiry And Cannabinoid Detection Guidance For Drug Courts" (PDF). National Drug Courtroom Institute. Vol. Four, no. 2.
6. ^ Goodwin, Robert S.; Darwin, William D.; Chiang, C. Nora; Shih, Ming; Li, Shou-Hua; Huestis, Marilyn A. (2008-10-01). "Urinary Emptying of 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannnabinol in Cannabis Users During Continuously Monitored Forbearance". Periodical of Analytical Toxicology. 32 (eight): 562–569. doi:10.1093/jat/32.8.562. ISSN 0146-4760. PMC2587336. PMID 19007504.
7. ^ Hammond, Robert Fifty. (2019-10-11). "Three Primary Differences Between CBD and THC". Retrieved 2020-07-03 .
8. ^ Venkatratnam, Abhishek; Lents, Nathan H. (July 2011). "Zinc Reduces the Detection of Cocaine, Methamphetamine, and THC by ELISA Urine Testing". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 35 (6): 333–340. doi:10.1093/anatox/35.6.333. PMID 21740689.
9. ^ Lin, Chia-Ni; Strathmann, Frederick (July 10, 2013). "Elevated Urine Zinc Concentration Reduces the Detection of Methamphetamine, Cocaine, THC and Opiates in Urine by EMIT" (PDF). Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 37 (9): 665–669. doi:10.1093/jat/bkt056. PMID 23843421.
10. ^ "Protonix Drug Interaction Sheet" (PDF). Nutrient and Drug Administration. Pfizer. Retrieved 11 Dec 2017.
11. ^ "Fast Bluish B Salt V001655".
12. ^ "Fast Bluish BB Common salt hemi(zinc chloride) salt F3378".
13. ^ Cole, Michael D. (2003-05-07). The Analysis of Controlled Substances . John Wiley and Sons. p. 60. ISBN9780471492528.
14. ^ "UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1969 Issue four - 005".
15. ^ ^{a b} "UNODC - Message on Narcotics - 1974 Issue four - 003".
16. ^ Preedy, Victor R. (2016-12-31). Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies: Biology, Pharmacology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. ISBN9780128008270.
17. ^ Starks, Michael (January 1990). "Marijuana Chemistry - Genetics, Processing & Authorisation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2019-10-28 .
18. ^ "Hair drug testing question and answers" (PDF). Quest Diagnostics.
19. ^ "The ABCs of Marijuana and Drug Testing". NORML.org.
20. ^ "Journal of Analytical Toxicology, Vol 25, November/December 2002". Forensic Fluids Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2019-10-24. Retrieved 2015-09-15 .
21. ^ "Testimony on Federal Workplace Drug-Testing by Edward J. Cone, PH.D. Earlier the House Committee on Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations". Department of Health & Man Services. July 23, 1998. Archived from the original on 2001-07-22.
22. ^ Coulter, C; Taruc, M; Tuyay, J; Moore, C. "Quantitation of tetrahydrocannabinol in hair using immunoassay and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection". Drug Test. Anal. 1 (234–239): 2009.
23. ^ Schwope, DM; Milman, One thousand; Huestis, MA (2010). "Validation of an enzyme immunoassay for detection and semiquantification of cannabinoids in oral fluid". Clin. Chem. 56 (6): 1007–1014. doi:ten.1373/clinchem.2009.141754. PMC3159868. PMID 20360126.
24. ^ Huestis MA, Scheidweiler KB, Saito T, Fortner Due north, Abraham T, Gustafson RA, Smith ML (2008). "Excretion of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Sweat". Forensic Sci. Int. 174 (2–3): 173–177. doi:ten.1016/j.forsciint.2007.04.002. PMC2277330. PMID 17481836.
25. ^ H.G. Kalant; W.H.East. Roschlau (1998). Principles of Medical Pharmacology (6th ed.). pp. 373–375.
26. ^ Andersson, Yard.; Usiello, A; Borgkvist, A; Pozzi, L; Dominguez, C; Fienberg, AA; Svenningsson, P; Fredholm, BB; et al. (2005). "Cannabinoid Action Depends on Phosphorylation of Dopamine- and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein of 32 kDa at the Poly peptide Kinase A Site in Striatal Projection Neurons". Periodical of Neuroscience. 25 (37): 8432–8. doi:ten.1523/JNEUROSCI.1289-05.2005. PMC6725667. PMID 16162925.

External links [edit]

• "hair cleansing prior to examination", AltMedicine

boyettewilbeend.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_drug_testing

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